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Dark matter halo - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

In modern models of physical cosmology, a dark matter halo is a basic unit of cosmological structure. It is a hypothetical region that has decoupled from cosmic expansion and contains gravitationally bound matter.[1] A single dark matter halo may contain multiple virialized clumps of dark matter bound together by gravity, known as subhalos.[1] Modern cosmological models, such as ΛCDM, propose that dark matter halos and subhalos may contain galaxies.[1][2] The dark matter halo of a galaxy envelops the galactic disc and extends well beyond the edge of the visible galaxy. Thought to consist of dark matter, halos have not been observed directly. Their existence is inferred through observations of their effects on the motions of stars and gas in galaxies and gravitational lensing.[3] Dark matter halos play a key role in current models of galaxy formation and evolution. Theories that attempt to explain the nature of dark matter halos with varying degrees of success include cold dark matter (CDM), warm dark matter, and massive compact halo objects (MACHOs).[4][5][6][7]

 

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Censorship in Japan - Wikipedia

en.wikipedia.org

Censorship in Japan has taken many forms throughout the history of the country. While Article 21 of the Constitution of Japan guarantees freedom of expression and prohibits formal censorship, effective censorship of obscene content does exist and is justified by the Article 175 of the Criminal Code of Japan. Historically, the law has been interpreted in different ways—recently it has been interpreted to mean that all pornography must be at least partly censored, and a few arrests have been made based on this law.[1]

As of 2023, Japan is ranked 68th on the Press Freedom Index, up from 71st in the previous year.[2] Reporters Without Borders has noted that issues concerning Japan include self-censorship among its journalists, the national media broadcaster NHK maintaining close ties to the ruling Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), as well as the exclusion of freelancers and foreign reporters in government events and interviews, fueling doubts about editorial independence.[3] In 2022, an "online insults" law was introduced that would regulate the kind of speech made in the online public sphere.[4]

 

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Male (woreda) - Wikipedia

en.m.wikipedia.org

Maale is one of the woredas in the South Ethiopia Regional State. It is named after the Maale people who are living at this woreda. Part of the Debub Omo Zone, Male is bordered on the south by Bena Tsemay, on the west by Bako Gazer, on the north by the Basketo special woreda and Gelila, on the north and east by the Gamo Gofa Zone, and the southeast by Dirashe special woreda. The male was separated from Bako Gazer woreda.